Mexican City Of Mexico City - 1366 Words

In 1997, Mexico City was finally allowed to elect their own mayor, which in the past had always been appointed by the President. Because of the way the PRI had ran the government before this, and all the distrustful things that have occurred, the people of Mexico made it very clear that they disliked the PRI. Mexico City produced 50% of the gross income and one the fastest developing areas in the entire country. The first mayors that were elected were leftest opposite of the PRI. The final straw for the PRI was when Salinas was elected president, who was a spoiled child that had never ran for politics before and translated to being a horrible president. From the beginning, Salinas was corrupted and isolated from the larger nation,†¦show more content†¦On New Year’s Eve, the President gets a call saying the Mayas are taking towns. Salinas saw this as an embarrassment to his country. He believed that events like this only occurred in second rate countries, not in his. The rebels and the government come to an unspoken agreement that the Indians form a group with leftstas face pf and called it the â€Å"Subcomandante Marcos†. By the end of his term, Salinas was pleased with himself even if no one else was. Even though the PRI lost its credibility and its hold over the country before the legendary group lost its power, they were able to make huge changes. One example of that would be turning the country in free trade economy. Another one of the many unwise things Salinas did was sign the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA was setup to encourage free trade and investments between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. NAFTA was implemented on January 1, 1994 and it first eliminated a good majority of the tarriffs on exports to and from the US. It’s plan was to do away with all tarriffs on exports from US to Mexico within 10 years. The only exception was that they planned to phase out the US agricultural exports withi n 15 years instead of 10. In that sense, it did accomplish what it was meant to do, however, that agreement was not beneficial for either party. For the Americans, it was taking jobs and forcing

The Hero s Journey With Female Characters Within Epic...

Meela has been isolated her entire life, destined to one day inherit the role of the Thaumaturge. When the barrier protecting the Island she lives on is destroyed, taking most of the remaining fuel source with it, Meela sees her chance to escape. She must journey with her older sister, Saleem, to the other side of the world in order to find their brother who has been working on a solution. For my dissertation, I will be writing a young adult epic fantasy novel in order to explore whether or not there is a change in expectations to the hero’s journey if the hero is female rather than male. Within this, I will be investigating what it means to be a ‘strong’ female character, whether a romantic partner for the hero is needed for a successful journey, and the expectations of female characters within epic fantasy and young adult literature, including society’s expectations and portrayal of women in the media. In order to write about the hero’s journey, I must first research what the journey usually entails in order to understand what a hero is often faced with and whether or not gender of the hero will affect the journey they must complete. Fantasy often â€Å"borrows the theme of quest† in order to explore ideas around ‘power’ (Kilian, 2007) which is always at the heart of the hero’s journey. Joseph Campbell outlined the hero’s journey, referring to the hero throughout as a ‘he’. Within his description, he implies that the only role a female character can take within the hero’sShow MoreRelatedChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pages6 The Renaissance: 1500-1650 7 The Rise of Puritanism and John Locke: Late 1600s 8 3. Beginning of Children’s Literature: Late 1700s 10 4. Fairy and Folk Tales 12 The Golden Age of Children’s Literature: Late 1800s 12 5. Victorian Childrens Literature 16 6. Contemporary Childrens Literature 18 6. Analysis of Harry Potters’ series 21 7. Conclusion 30 8. Summary 31 Children’s Literature Definitions 31 The Ancient World [ancient Rome; 50 BCE to 500 CE] 31 The Middle Ages [500 to 1500 CE] 31 The EuropeanRead MoreKhasak14018 Words   |  57 Pagesscope of the novel in the comparative study of literature. It also asserts the author’s place in the regional and Indian English canons of literature and establishes his creative genius with reference to the work considered. The second chapter, titled The Dark Vault, studies the aspects of psychoanalytic theory which can be used in the analysis of the novel. It deals mainly with Freudian theories which explore the dark vaults of the psyche of the characters in the novel. The third chapter, titled AncientRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesor a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction. A major function of plot can be said to be the representation of characters in a ction, though as we will see the action involved can be internal and psychological as well as external and physical. In order for a plot to begin, someRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesOxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-PermanenceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesepidemics. In no previous epoch of history was war so vilified and peace so consciously pursued through the establishment of international organizations and diplomatic exchanges. Despite these endeavors, the levels of domestic and international violence within human populations and the ravages visited upon animals and the natural world by humans vastly exceeded that of any previous era in history. In a century where human communities globally and individuals locally had the potential to be much moreRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

Meeting Organizational Goals Free Essays

Effective leadership unites and inspires individuals to use their knowledge, creativity, and skill to excel at meeting organizational goals. Institutional Effectiveness may be defined as the ongoing quest for quality and the demonstration of how well an institution is fulfilling its mission and realizing its vision. The institution may appreciate quality and effectiveness by employing a comprehensive system of planning and evaluation in the major aspects of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Meeting Organizational Goals or any similar topic only for you Order Now It provides documentation of planning, assessment, and the use of results in decision-making. That’s why institutional effectiveness is a leadership tool that intends to strengthen the quality of services, to produce a continuous cycle of improvement inside an organization and to monitor its effectiveness in achieving its mission and purposes. Accordingly, the institution collects and analyzes relevant data and uses this information in the institutional planning process as a basis for sustaining quality and self-improvement. There is no one best way to assess institutional effectiveness, no certain formula described, that an institution must use for measuring or demonstrating its effectiveness, as â€Å"assessment efforts† vary among â€Å"different types of institutions† and â€Å"among institutions of the same type† (NEASC Policy Statement on Institutional Effectiveness, 1992). Successful assessment efforts depends on the institution’s mission and its available resources. Every institution should have an Effectiveness Office having the task to coordinate and support evaluation activities and being involved with the development and implementation of a broad-based system consisting of integrated institutional effectiveness activities: coordinating the on-going strategic planning process – including the â€Å"establishment of priorities and implementation of action plans†, monitoring the â€Å"development and progress of the strategic plan†, â€Å"overseeing the generation of data, and reports for institutional research purposes† to improve planning and decision-making, to review and provide feedback on assessment plans and reports, overseeing the coordination and conducting of organization assessments and program reviews in ways that will â€Å"continuously improve the quality of services†. (Office of Institutional Planning, Research and Evaluation, New York). All these activities are undertaken for the purpose of continuous program improvement and to insure institutional effectiveness. The strategic plan, which is another leadership tool, can be defined as an â€Å"answer to the question: How will the organization accomplish its goals? † (MAP for Nonprofits, St. Paul, MN) Strategic planning involves environmental scanning for external trends. It includes a variety of internal and external assessment activities, like: annual review of institutional vision and mission statements, review of the implementation report on the prior year’s operational plan and of other internal effectiveness indicators, assessment of progress in addressing recommendations resulting from strategic planning activities during previous years. The purpose of strategic planning is encouraging thinking about organization’s broad goals and priorities, and how well they are being achieved. The modern approach emphasizes â€Å"strategic thinking† or â€Å"strategic management†. It regularly scans the organization’s external environment for significant changes, trying to understand the implications of these for programs, organization structures, staffing, etc. It is known that board policies or program priorities might change because of the planning process, but usually there is no slavish adherence to a plan, the document existing only as a guideline and changing as the world changes. Some of them though are never implemented, proving to be useless, because organizations are always faced with fast changing and difficult to predict environments. Some say that inside an institution there could be no official strategic plan document, as in this complex and rapidly changing world there should only be the process of â€Å"thinking strategically†. How to cite Meeting Organizational Goals, Essay examples

Helvetios(2012) by Eluveitie free essay sample

Arguably the band that start the whole new wave of folk music thing, Eluveitie is a band with substance, it is a band that shows no mercy, it is a band of the ages. Currently signed with Nuclear Blast Records, this amazing album tells the story of something in ancient Swiss history, the Gaulish war and the story of Helvetios. The entire album is about 55 minutes and includes a total of 17 tracks so the tracks must be pretty short. The album starts and ends with a narration by the bands vocalist, Chrigel Glanzmann, and basically reads like a story. Now remember that this was Swiss history so if it doesnt make sense whats going on, that may be why. Also, Im I the only one in tears after the track Meet the Enemy? It maybe because of Anna Murohys massive scream and then a soft, melodic mandolin comes in at the end or maybe its just me. We will write a custom essay sample on Helvetios(2012) by Eluveitie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The single, A Rose For Epona is also a testament as to what the band can do with more clean and melodic vocals which are done by Anna Murphy in this song. Home is the longest track at over 5 minutes but dont worry, it goes by quickly. The one problem I have with this album is that Anna is not fleshed out enough in vocals, I mean it seems as if some parts could use a more melodic vocal style to me. As for the albums credibility, many people were on this album once it came out due to the previous albums like Slania and The Arcaine Domination. Then, two years later, they then release the album Origin(which I do plan to review in the future). The album is spectacular, 9/10, to put it bluntly. This is the Grim Reaper, signing off.

greenhouse gas effect essay Essay Example

greenhouse gas effect essay Essay Greenhouse Gas The greenhouse gas effect is the number one blame for global warming. We could not live without the greenhouse effect. The main gases are ozone, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. These reflected rays, called infrared radiation , keeps the atmosphere warm. They are vital in maintaining the balance in our atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is mostly a result of the sunlights energy and the clouds that absorb and reflect heat. Without the greenhouse effect, earth would be less than 33 degrees Celsius cooler. Human activity increased the percentage of gas, which increased the temperature. Population growth is one of the major causes. With the increase of population, the needs and wants increase. The more demands of the people, the more the industry has to help our needs. As the industry grows, so does the gas used to keep their work going. The uses of electrical appliances are even a contributing factor. Even the humble efrigerator in the house emits gas, gas known as chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) are used in fridges, as well as aerosol cans, foam in packaging, fire extinguisher chemicals, and cleaners. Everything we use effects the air we breathe. Burning of fossils contributes too. Burning of fossil fuels, oils, coal, and gas, releases chemicals into the atmosphere. The most common fossil fuels are used in the industry business. Some of the gases can last longer in the air then others. The gases can increase global warming. We will write a custom essay sample on greenhouse gas effect essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on greenhouse gas effect essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on greenhouse gas effect essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These gases are not natural. The man made cause of the greenhouse effect is deforestation. Due to the lack of trees, photosynthesis cannot take place. With the cutting down of trees the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. The decay of the trees also causes the carbon to increase. We need the greenhouse effect to live in our world successfully. Each factor can make up a balance that we have to survive. There is too much of a good thing though. That is why we need to balance everything out to succeed.

Do Colleges Use Weighted or Unweighted GPA

Do Colleges Use Weighted or Unweighted GPA SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips High schools may record students' GPAs as weighted or unweighted. But which type of GPA is taken more seriously in the college admissions process? In this article, I’ll provide an overview of the differences between weighted and unweighted GPAs and tell you which type is more important. What’s the Difference Between Weighted and Unweighted GPA? First off, you should know what constitutes weighted and unweighted GPA in high school. Traditional GPAs are unweighted, which means they'remeasured on a scale from 0 to 4.0.A 4.0 is an A average, a 3.0 is a B average, a 2.0 is a C average, a 1.0 is a D average, and anything below that represents a failing grade. Unweighted GPAs do not take the levels of your classes into account.An A in an AP or honors class will translate into a 4.0 GPA, and so will an A in a low-level class. Basically, an unweighted GPA won’t change based on the types of classes you’re taking; it represents your grades in isolation. Weighted GPAs are a bit more complicated.Many high schools now record weighted GPAs instead of standard unweighted GPAs.Weighted GPAs are measured on a scale that goes up higher than 4.0 to account for more difficult classes.For many schools, this means a 0-5.0 scale,but some scales go up higher (like to 6.0). In the lowest-level classes, grades will still stand for the same numbers as they would on an unweighted GPA scale (i.e., an A is a 4.0, a B is a 3.0, etc.).However, in honors or AP classes, an A will translate into a 5.0 GPA, a B will be a 4.0, and so on. If your school has mid-level classes, an A might translate into a 4.5 GPA. Keep in mind that these are general estimates.If your school records weighted GPAs, check its specific policies.Weighted GPAs are used in an effort to present a more accurate picture of academic abilities based on the rigor of a student's coursework. Your A+ in Intro to Yoga will only get you so far. Do some mindful breathing to help yourself accept this. Which GPA Do Colleges Care About? Of course, every college is different, but in general colleges care more about your record of coursework thanyour GPA out of context.For this reason, I can’t say that colleges necessarily care â€Å"more† about unweighted or weighted GPA.Between the two, weighted GPA provides more useful information, but they will still look closely at your transcript instead of just taking your GPA at face value. Your GPA is an overview of how you did in high school, but every admissions department will dig deeper (unless your GPA is exceptionally low- think below 2.0) before making a blanket judgment based solely on that number,whether it's weighted or unweighted. This is because the GPA scales of different high schools can't be compared directly. Some schools might count honors and AP classes as "high level" for weighted GPAs, and some might only count APs. Some AP classes are also easier than others. It wouldn't be fair for colleges to give a student who earned an A in a notoriously difficult class like AP Physics the same credit as a student who earned an A in AP Psychology, even if they have the same weighted GPA. Colleges want to see that you have pushed yourself to take on academic challenges and managed to grow over time.If your academic record demonstrates increasing difficulty of coursework, this will look impressive to colleges, even if your GPA isn’t stellar.If you have a 4.0 but remained in all the least challenging classes in high school, colleges will be less impressed since you didn’t push yourself further academically. even though you were clearly capable of doing so. If you’re getting all As in low-level classes, don’t stay complacent just because you have a good GPA.It’s absolutely worth it to move up a level and challenge yourself, even if it leads to a slight drop in your GPA. Colleges look at the whole picture, and they will make note of the fact that you forced yourself to leave your comfort zone and grow intellectually. This plant is a metaphor for your brain over the course of high school. What Do College Admissions Departments Say About GPA? Just to make sure we're on the right track, let's check the official policies of a range of schools. Here are some quotes about GPA taken from the admissions websites for Harvard, Ithaca College, Stanford, Claremont McKenna College, and the University of Texas at Austin. Harvard Admissions Department According to the admissions website, here are two key questions Harvard admissions officers ask themselves when reviewing potential applicants: â€Å"Have you reached your maximum academic and personal potential?† â€Å"Have you been stretching yourself?† Obviously, to get into Harvard, you'll need a great GPA.However, notice thatthey don’t say, â€Å"Your unweighted GPA must be at least 3.8,† or make any sort of concrete statement about numbers.What they want to see is that you’ve been constantly striving for more advanced learning opportunities and have also been pushing yourself to your limits academically. Students who've grown a lot in high school and who were motivated to take difficult classes are probably students who will continue to do the same in college.This demonstrates my point in the previous section that colleges really want to see students who have taken challenging coursework and proved themselves to be dedicated to fulfilling their academic potential. Harvard College Ithaca College Admissions Department Here’s what Ithaca's admissions department has to say about its admissions process: â€Å"An Ithaca College education requires that every student be actively engaged in their academic experiences. ...We are most focused on the rigor of your curriculum and the level of success you’ve demonstrated in your academic work.† Again, the admissions department is looking for students who were engaged in their high school coursework and are interested in learning more.Though grades are important, the level of your coursework and your demonstrated academic growth will also go a long way toward impressing admissions officers. Ithaca College Want to build the best possible college application with your GPA? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Stanford Admissions Department According toStanford, what itvalues most in its applicants is as follows: "The primary criterion for admission to Stanford is academic excellence. We look for your preparation and potential to succeed. We expect you to challenge yourself throughout high school and to do very well. ... There is no minimum GPA or test score; nor is there any specific number of AP or honors courses you must have on your transcript in order to be admitted to Stanford." As we saw with Harvard, academic excellence is a given- you obviously need to have strong grades in order to have a solid chance at getting into Stanford. That said, Stanford is clear that "there is no minimum GPA."Once again, the important idea here is that you're proving you have the potential to succeed and challenge yourself- not that you're necessarily getting As in every single class you take. Stanford University Claremont McKenna College Admissions Department Here’s what Claremont McKenna says about its admissions process: "Competitive candidates for admission pursue the most demanding course work possible, receive strong grades, and are highly regarded by their teachers and counselors. The minimum requirements are: English: Four years. Mathematics: Three years, preferably four. Candidates should recognize that mathematical skill is as important for professionals in government and economics as it is in engineering and the physical sciences. Foreign Language: At least three years. History: At least one year. Science: At least two years required, three strongly preferred." This brings up a good point: many schools might not have GPA requirements, but they do require applicants to take certain classes in high school. Once again, this emphasizes coursework over straight GPA in the admissions process.â€Å"Strong grades† are expected, but a desire for students who have pursued â€Å"the most demanding course work† is far more important. Claremont McKenna College University of Texas at Austin Admissions Department Finally, UT Austin says the following on its admissions website: "To be competitive for admission, freshman applicants must complete or be on track to complete certain high school coursework: Language Arts:Four credits Mathematics:Four credits Science:Four credits Social Studies:Four credits Foreign Language:Two credits Fine Arts:One credit Physical Education:One credit Electives:Six credits" Like Claremont McKenna College, UT Austin requires specific coursework in high school. In fact, the school doesn't say much at all about GPA on its website, indicating that GPA alone is not a particularly important part of admissions- rather,the courses you take are important. UT Austin (Stephen M. Scott/Flickr) Conclusion: Colleges and Weighted vs. Unweighted GPA Ultimately, you shouldn’t worry too much about whether colleges will look at your weighted or unweighted GPA.The value of your GPA, whether weighted or unweighted, isn’t the final word on whether you've demonstrated your academic potential in high school. Instead, focus on your coursework. Have you been consistently challenging yourself and living up to your abilities? Are you making the most of the academic opportunities your school offers? If you can answer yes to these two questions, you’re on your way to success in college admissions! What's Next? Worried about how your GPA will impact your chances of getting into college? Check out this list of the best colleges with less competitive GPA requirements. Not sure whether your GPA is considered high or low? Read my article on what constitutes a good and bad GPA for college admissions. For a complete overview of how GPA is calculated and what it means for you, take a look at this article. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The editor's note Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The editor's note - Essay Example She said, â€Å"literally for the first time I read about Arab women in America, things I did not know, figures not exposed to the American media, and the most interesting thing in the magazine, is that youre talking about Arab women social life; not only that but you also have a page for teens, which allows them to write about the problems they face." And here comes another crucial month for us. This month’s issue integrates interesting and varied topics that I am literally in a dilemma as to what I should incorporate in this letter. First of all, let me clarify our choice for the campaign article. In this issue we focused on sensitizing people about cancer and also featured Negma, Egypts second forum, which took place in Boston, American Muslim Union annual branch, Egypt Cancer Networks fundraising dinner, and Noonelneswa’s first annual spring as well as community recognition occasion. Concerning our wellbeing feature, we presented a brave Arab face that successfully wrestled breast cancer and currently lives cancer free life. Further, because of the fact that April is the National Cancer Control Month, we incorporated an interview with an Arab-American woman who has tirelessly worked with the community in the fight against cancer. In your copy, please find the â€Å"best of the best† page so that you can di gest the information about one of the best-ranked high schools in New Jersey, which pioneered Arabic language class. I regret that I cannot find all the space to highlight for you all the interesting items featured in this month’s edition. As I conclude, you would be doing yourself no good if you missed the story about a British journalist, Lauren Booth, who is a sister-in-Law to the former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, who converted to Islam. She wore a veil and travelled across the world in a bid to facilitate and drive the Palestinian roots. In her endeavor, she recently toured America, where she met with the Arab and Muslim

The Aesthetic and Economic Characteristics of the Film Europe Movement Essay

The Aesthetic and Economic Characteristics of the Film Europe Movement - Essay Example The researcher states that thereafter gradually & quite naturally, the ‘American influence’ begun to overflow in diverse domains. It slowly initiated to engulf spectrums such as art, theatre, culture, music, films. The next step was to classify those apparently ‘nonpolitical’ artistic components at par with the lines of the grand old American maneuver. This cultural autocracy created a stir amongst the enlightened & elitist in Europe. Film corporations like the Metro Goldwyn Mayer had already infiltrated the economies of third world nations like India by 1920. While American film corporations’ encashed rich dividends from colonial markets, the European heavyweights were coerced to remain at a bay. This naturally sprouted a furor across the cultural horizon. The European mavericks & thespians felt that a cultural reincarnation was long overdue. German filmmakers like Dupont, Eichberg & Bolvary, plunged into the galaxy of filmdom, with the aim to break the American jinx. Their unbridled apathy against US monopoly led them to the shores of Britain, from where they churned out numerous path-breaking films. This unique film movement came to be known as the ‘Film Europe Movement’, & gained massive popularity throughout the European peninsula. The noble ideals of combating capitalist aggression with socialist principles augured magically with the masses. ‘Film Europe’ managed to successfully batter up American aggression, intertwined with egalitarian theologies. The concluding research deals with the Film Europe Movement with E.A. DuPont’s English film ‘Piccadilly’ juxtaposing the center stage. The culmination of the First World War had precisely ravaged up the economies of France & Italy. They were in no position to stifle or even stand a chance against the ever-expanding ‘American menace’. The calculating American theorists embarked on their global economic conquest, & by 191 7, had South America, Australia, Asia Minor & vast territories of Africa amidst their grasp.  

Corporate social responsibility and customer satisfaction in the Dissertation

Corporate social responsibility and customer satisfaction in the hospitality industry - Dissertation Example Business operations matching with the sustainability standards has turn out to be a significant issue for organizations and their stakeholders on a global level and is today the part of conventional business framework. Well-known as CSR, the concept requires a principled and dependable position in business operations to take account of the community’s well-being. Idea for a novel trade framework combining the ethics and business, lucidity, the surrounding, stakeholders and society are now widespread, needing dialog between society, government regulators and businesses. The significance of CSR within the travel and tourism sector has grown, especially, in the prevailing years along with the ecological issues of climate change, depletion of natural resources, degradation, fair trade, and human rights issues (Sheldon and Sun-Young, 2011).From the present study the tourism sector can gain relevant insight about the latest trends of the hospitality industry and thus they can formul ate their upcoming strategies keeping in mind the needs and wants of the consumers. On the other hand the consumers who wish to avail such services can get to know about the corporate social responsibility of this sector and can also get access to other relevant information. Moreover this study would prove to be helpful for the stakeholders related to the industry who will get an idea about the future prospect of the industry and accordingly they would plan their investments into the sector. Research Aim The main aim of the current study is to explore the significance of Corporate Social Responsibility within the industry. Research Objectives The various objectives of the study are listed below- 1. To explore the impact of CSR on hospitality organizations and customer satisfaction 2. To analyse how hotel uses the CSR as a marketing tool 3. To investigate the barriers to CSR in hotels 4. To suggest recommendations for hotels regarding their CSR practices Initial Review of Relevant Li terature Definition of CSR The term Corporate Social Responsibility represents a management notion whereby the firms combine the environmental and social aspects within their business activities and dealings with their shareholders and investors. It implies a scenario by the means of which the firm gains a balance between the environmental, social and economic necessity whilst at the same time meets the expectations of the stakeholders and shareholders (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, n.d.). The concept has received growing attention during the earlier decades, both amongst the academic fiction and practioners. The initial focus of the firms was on the â€Å"social† duties and responsibilities for instance community based programs, paying fair salary to the employees. However a recent inclusion to this concept is the responsibility towards the environment for instance the elimination of the carbon-dioxide emissions from the surrounding. The concept of â₠¬Å"environmental CSR† has become an essential area of CSR and acts as an extremely important element in the corporate world (FLAMMER, 2013). According to the

Development of an inventory management system

Development of an inventory management system INTRODUCTION This project is on the design and development of an inventory management system which is part of the supply-chain Management. This system will attempt to solve issues with current inventory management systems in order to give businesses a better competitive edge. The literature review will provide a detailed overview about Inventory management; why business need to manage their inventory, benefits and objectives of inventory management and best practice in inventory management. It will go on to further discuss what inventory management system is all about, a detailed explanation of the benefits, future of inventory management systems and talk about success of inventory management system. In the review, various factors for implementing efficient inventory management systems were listed in order to understand fully how to design and develop a software solution for a company that would provide the best services and effective solution to their current problems. The report also discussed some challenges faced by most inventory management system in providing businesses with an effective solution. As part of the literature review, a case study was carried out on Sahad Stores, a distribution company in Nigeria and a detailed investigation into their existing system was accomplished highlighting the problems of the current system. Based on knowledge gained from the literature review, a proposed solution was presented to resolve the issues with the companys current system of inventory management. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT An inventory is basically a detailed list of all the items in stock. Inventory consists of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods. In todays highly competitive market, businesses need to maintain an appropriate level of stock to meet the customer demands at any time. Inventory management is part of the supply chain management. Over the past years, the concept of supply chain management SCM has been given a considerable attention. This is an approach to view the supply chain as a whole rather than as a set of separate processes (Weele, 2002). Mentzer, Dewitt, Keebler, Min, Nix, Smith and Zacharia defined Supply chain management SCM as the systematic and strategic coordination of the traditional business operations. The main aim of supply chain management SCM is to improve the long term performance of each firm as well as the whole supply chain (Mentzer, Dewitt, Keebler, Min, Nix, Smith and Zacharia, 2001). Inventory management involves system and processes of maintaining the appropriate level of stock in a warehouse (Barcodes, 2010). These activities includes identifying necessary inventory requirements, and creating replenishment processes, tracking and monitoring the usage of items/stock, reconciling inventory balances as well as reporting inventory status.(Barcodes , 2010). It is basically the process of efficiently controlling the amount of stock in order to avoid excess inventory. Reliable inventory management will therefore minimise the cost associated with inventory (Barcodes, 2010). Inventory management involves a wide scope of processes ranging from inventory forecasting , replenishment, demand forecasting as well as quality management (Wikipedia, 2009). Objectives and benefits of inventory management According to Stylus Systems, The 3 main objectives in inventory management are (Stylus, 2008): To reduce inventory investment or cost which is one of the most important goals of any business. Balancing the cost of keeping inventory with the benefits gained from it is vital to the successes of an organisation To provide improved customer satisfaction To increase sales and profits realised from effective inventory management which therefore improve overall business productivity Benefits of inventory management In a report by Stylus, he highlighted the following as some of the benefits of inventory management (Stylus, 2008): Inventory management systems can help reduce the time to respond to changing market demand of products and can help control excess stock IMS provide a means for business to effectively manage or control their inventory IMS helps businesses to constantly analyse their business processes such as sales and purchasing in order to make efficient inventory decisions Stylus systems also reported that inventory management systems IMS can provide total insight on stock transactions Stylus systems also stated that IMS can provide hands on knowledge on inventory which might lead to increased sales and efficient customer services. Development in inventory management Presently, there are two major approaches to inventory management Materials requirement planning (MRP): MRP is simply a management system in which sales are converted into loads by sub-unit and time. In this system, orders are scheduled more closely thereby reducing inventory and making delivery times shorter and more predictable (Hedrick, 2003). MPR review order quantities periodically and as such allow ordering only what is currently needed. This helps keep inventory levels very low. Just-in-Time (JIT): JIT approach ensures that a business should only keep inventory in the right quantity at the right time with the right quality (David, 2004) .Most organizations adapt to this system to integrate inventory management for a more competitive advantage (Kaynak, 2005). It eliminates inventories rather than optimize them. Why keep Inventory Inventory refers to a detailed list of all the items in store or warehouse. According to Inman, Inventory refers to the items that are stored in warehouses or distribution centres in excess of what the store needs (Inman, 2010). The following are the reason why business keeps more inventory than they currently need (Inventory Management, 2010). Meet Demand: this ensures that customers get the product or item that they want when they want it. Keep Operations running: When for example manufacturers run out of stock to manufacture certain product, the whole production process or operations will be halted and thus manufacture of the finished product. In order to prevent this, most manufacturers purchase excess inventory. Lead time: When a shop or a factory places an order for a particular item, the period of time between the order placements and when the order is received is known as lead time. Business therefore should have hands on inventory during the lead time in order to keep its operations running. Hedge: This involves keeping inventory against inflation in price of products. This allows the buyer to buy at a lower price than when the price increases. Quantity Discount: Quantity discount refers to reduction in price of an item when purchasing in bulk. This always influences most businesses to buy more than it needs which might lead to excess inventory. Smoothing Requirements: businesses sometimes acquire access inventory for products that have unpredictable demands in order to meet demand. According to Edwars Silver (Silver, 2008), inventory management involves knowing the following Questions: The size of replenishment order that will be required The time this order will be placed And finally how frequent inventory records should be analysed Best practice in inventory management In an effort to maximise their return on investment (ROI) and avoid excess inventory, many businesses invest a fortune in inventory management systems. In a report by Philip Slater (Slater, 2009), he stated that most of these systems fails to render expected services and rather result in excess inventory. This is because software can only optimise the values it has and not what it could be and as a result, it neglects some important external influences like changes in the management process. He stated that Worlds best practice inventory management demands that the inventory management system is optimised not just the inventory. Inventory management therefore goes beyond software system and as stated by Philip Slater (Slater, 2009) inventory management involves combination of know-how, process and reporting that collectively provide a means of maximizing availability while minimizing cash investment. In the report, he stated five level of worlds best practice inventory management that when fully implemented, can enable businesses to reduce their inventory investment or cost. These levels are: Ad Hoc: this level require less control as inventory is expensed when purchased on an as needed basis and used immediately. Storage: this level involves the storage of items for use and not strictly controlled. Here, inventory is expensed when purchased. This approach tends to increase total expenditure as items are purchased in economic quantities and discourage review and development due to lack of control Capitalisation: This approach entails the use of software solution to control inventory and provide good availability. Unfortunately, most businesses use their software mostly for counting and accounting. Software Optimisation: at this level, inventory is capitalised and the levels of stock are optimised based on a risk/return algorithm. Software solution can automatically adjust stock levels based on the history of demand and supply but these level are not trusted by most business because they believe the supply and demand may not represent actual usage System Optimisation: At this level, all factors influencing inventory investment are reviewed periodically. The main purpose of inventory management is to minimise overall cash investment without increasing risk. This according to Philip Slater is the worlds best practice in inventory management (Slater, 2009). Capitalisation and system optimisation goes hand-in-hand. For an effective system, the management is therefore required to possess the know-how, measures, policy development, and reporting required to take the business to level 5 (System Optimization) and not just the software alone(Slater, 2009). INVENTORY CONTROL According to business link in an article, an organisation has an efficient inventory control only when they have the right amount of stock in the right place and at the right time (Business link, 2006). Inefficient Inventory control can leads slower sales and disappointed customers. Inventory control basically deals with reducing the total cost of inventory. Inventory control is very relevant for businesses, especially businesses dealing with a large variety of products. As site by Hossein Arsham, Inventory management or control can be used to streamline warehouse processes in order to track orders and shipment (Arsham, 2006). Other important applications of inventory management systems are in manufacturing, shipping, and receiving. As stated by Arsham, there are three main factors in inventory control decision making process (Arsham, 2006). The cost of holding the stock: this is the cost associated carrying inventory over time and involves having items in storage. This includes interest, taxes, insurance, spoilage, breakage and warehousing cost like light, rent. The cost of placing an order: this is the cost of ordering and receiving inventory which include shipping cost, preparing invoices, determine how much is needed and moving goods. The cost of shortage: this cost involves what is lost if the stock is insufficient to meet all demand. This normally happens when demand exceeds the supply of inventory on hand. MerchantOS argued that the easiest way to manage inventory is with a computer inventory management s ystem (Merchant, 2010). The systems below help to reduce the time spent in managing inventory: Point-of-sale terminals: this system updates stock level automatically and provide a more error free sales transaction Barcodes and barcode readers which proved a way to effectively input inventory and stock takes faster into the system Job costing and inventory systems which are systems that also automatically update stock counts as orders are being made. Electronic Supplier product catalogs: allows the use of electronic devices like CD/DVDs to record inventory data. These systems ensure accurate inventory records through the use of electronic and wireless technologies that provide error free data. These systems are very efficient in that they: Keep only up-to-date records of items and remove all sold items from the system It is possible to Review stock reports periodically to check the products status and identify low demand products. Periodically check record to ensure the level of accuracy of the system and to check against physical stock quantities. Methods of Inventory Control There are several method of inventory control which include (Hedrick, 2010): Visual control: this is used to determine if additional inventory is required through visual examination. This method is mostly used in small businesses and may not require any records. Tickler control: this is the physical counting of small portion of the inventory on a regular basis. Click Sheet Control: this involves the recording of items as they are used on a sheet of paper and used for reorder purposes Stub control: mostly used by retailers and allow managers have certain control of prices. Today, the growth of businesses has provided a necessity to develop a more complicated and highly analytical form of inventory management. The above inventory management systems became difficult and inefficient. As a result, computer systems to control inventory was introduced. These systems include: Point-of-sale terminals: this stores information of each item that is used or sold. Off-line point-of-sale terminals: this transmits sales information directly to the suppliers computer system. The supplier then uses this information to ship necessary items automatically to the retailers The last method for inventory control is carried out by an external agency. As sited by Floyd Hedrick, it involves removal of unwanted products from stock which can be returned to the manufacture. This however has to occur after an agreement and frequent scheduled visit by the manufacturers representative to the large retailer in order to record stock count and writes the reorder (Hedrick, 2010). The main aim of the above systems was to provide a more efficient system that will be able to identify the cost of each inventory (Hedrick, 2010). According to the report, two main control values are used: The Economic order quantity (EOQ) that is the size of the order The reorder point which is the lowest quantity that a stock or an item can be before more quantity is ordered. The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is a formula that is used mainly for calculating the annual cost for ordering an item. It is widely used by most businesses and involves the actual cost of placing an order, the cost of carrying inventory as well as the annual sales rate. (Hedrick, 2010). INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS An Inventory management system is a system that automates all the processes involved in inventory management. These system are a vital part of any successful business and is basically used to efficiently track inventory using both hardware and software tools. The types of inventory tracked with an inventory management system includes almost any type of quantifiable products like clothing, household products, food, as well as equipment (Barcodes inc, 2010 ). These inventory management systems can influence the overall efficiency of a companys performance resulting in profits. An overview of the whole system is as shown in the diagram below: The diagram above show an over view of the whole inventory management system indication how numerous branches. It shows how the inventory management system manages inventory, sales as well as Employee information. Through the end of 1980s, sales and accounting related modules were the main focus of majority of software solution for retailer, manufacturers, and wholesalers. During the early 1990s, many distributors began to notice the relevance of an effective way of controlling and managing their largest investment of corporate assets which is inventory. This lead to the development of comprehensive inventory management modules and systems by several software companies (Schreibfeder, 2009). Presently, many businesses rely on modern inventory management systems to automate and integrate all aspects their business operations from order management, shipping management, billing systems, to inventory control all in one software package (Schreibfeder, 2009). Tim Cosby reported that, inventory management systems must have ability to track sales and availability, communicate with suppliers in near real-time and receive and incorporate other data like seasonal demand (Cosby, 2007). This means that the system must tell the storeowner for example when its stock level is low so as to reorder and how much to purchase. Information technology provided a way to convert sales and purchasing into a strategic business operation. Businesses now are faced with the challenge of finding out how to use these technologies to gain value and competitive advantage. Inventory management system can deliver these advantages (Stylus Systems, 2008). Modern inventory management systems now depend on barcodes, and potentially RFID systems to enable automatic identification of objects. According to a case study at Wal-Mart, for products selling between 1 and 15 units a day, RFID was able to reduced Out of Stocks by up to 30% (Mathieu, 2007). In order to record an inventory transaction accurately, the inventory management system uses abarcode scanneror RFID reader to identify products automatically, and then collects additional information on the specific product from the operators via fixedwireless terminals, or mobile computers (Mathieu, 2007). Mathieu defined RFID (RadioFrequencyIdentification) as a data collection technology that uses electronic tags also known as electronic label to store data and can be used to identify items just like bar codes. The main difference between RFID and bar codes is that RFID uses wireless technology to transmit information into the system and can be inserted within packages and does not have to be close to the scanner. On the other hand, barcodes require line of sight and closure to the scanner for information to be read. As stated by Mathieu, RFID tagged cartons rolling on a conveyer belt can be read many times faster than bar-coded boxes (Mathieu, 2007). Large software companies like IBM, Microsoft, SAP, and Oracle have already designed effective inventory management systems for large businesses. These software solutions cost thousands to millions of dollars. They have now turned to focus on smaller businesses. Some of the popular inventory (supply chain) management systems produced by Microsoft include Great Plains and Solomon, which are now joined together and called Microsoft Dynamics GP (Quittner, 2008). Implementing effective inventory management systems Inventory management is very relevant for todays businesses in order to ensure quality control in businesses which presently is centred mostly on customer satisfaction. Inefficient inventory control or management can therefore cause customer dissatisfaction when they run out of stock of an item the customer needs. In order to avoid this, most businesses are willing to invest large amount of money in acquiring an effective and efficient inventory management systems. A good inventory management system will be able to alert the retailer when it is time to reorder. It is also an important way automatically tracking moving inventory. An efficient inventory management system helps to minimize the risk of error. For example, if a business orders large quantity of goods, and say 10,000 are missing. Manual counting each goods is likely to result in error but these errors can be avoided using an automated inventory management system. In retail stores, an inventory management system can also be used to track theft of retail merchandise, providing valuable information about store activities (Schreibfeder, 2009). Inventory management systems must be designed to reflect and support companys strategic plan as well as adapt to market changes due to worldwide marketing or new technology. It should also provide relevant information to efficiently monitor inventory movements, coordinate and integrate internal processes like accounting or billing, manage people and equipment and communicate with customers. According to Invatol, inventory management system must be able to integrate the following processes in order to ensure continuity between functions (Invatol, 2003): Sales Forecasting: this requires the system to provide necessary information to coordinate business operations effectively and manage equipment and people. It should allow managers to make accurate and real time decisions. Sales and Operations planning: inventory management should control or handle fluctuations in market demands and lead time Companys Strategic goals: Alignment with company strategy is an important aspect of the business and necessary for its success and therefore inventory management should be designed to align with the companys strategic goal and market demand. Production and materials requirement planning: inventory system s should provide a balance of demand and supply at a minimised cost, inventory level and work load to achieve customer satisfaction. These processes however vary from business to business depending on how the businesses carry out its processes, and on the market demand. Benefits of using Inventory management systems As cited by David Essex (Essex, 2009), he stated that the following are some of the advantages that businesses achieve while using inventory management software: Businesses get faster return on investment (ROI) which is as a result of lower carrying cost. Inventory software can provide accurate up-to-date information about inventory thereby improving sales forecasts. Replenishment Planning. This means that Inventory management software can notify businesses the safest time to delay order without affecting customer satisfaction and cost. It also proved the ability to separate safety stock according to customer satisfaction and profitability. Increased sales It can also encourage sales staff to promote products without running out of stock by improving inventory visibility (Essex, 2009). Successful Inventory management systems For any successful business, inventory management must be a critical aspect of its business. The most important aspect of an efficient inventory management is to achieve accurate data in terms of figures and facts and to implement policies to protect this information (Inventory Management, 2007). A successful inventory management system will provided businesses with proper inventory control that reduces overall operating cost leading to customer satisfaction as well as give a competitive advantage. As sited by Alan Smith, a well-structured inventory management system should be able to adjust to an existing system (Smith, 2009) Success in manufacturing industry entails producing the right products, in the right quantities, at the right time, with good quality, and at a price the customer is willing to pay. Success in the manufacturing industry requires producing the right products, in the right quantities, at the right time, with good quality, and at a price the customer is willing to pay. The flexibility to respond to compliance standards and the ever-changing needs of customers, such as providing real-time visibility into global operations, is also imperative for success. Meeting these demands requires the ability to make quick decisions based on accurate data. Successful inventory management has to do with balancing the cost of keeping inventory with the benefits gained from inventory. Some of the reasons for inventory management include (Hedrick, 2003): Obtaining lower prices by purchasing products in bulk Keeping stock low just enough to meet demand and avoid excess inventory Maintaining a wide range of stock Increasing inventory turnover or return on investment Having adequate inventory on hand so as to provide reliable customer services However, the degree of success in addressing these issues varies within the functionality of inventory as well as the type of business. A successful inventory management system will accelerate the process of tracking and removing from inventory those items that needed by customer. This process minimises the lead-time for order fulfilment (Merchantos, 2010). Ideally, in order to avoid late re-order times, inventory software should be able to adjust the order quantity and delivery lead time to match that of the suppliers performance. Future of Inventory Management Systems During the late 1990s, there was a large amount of businesses investing in integrated order and inventory system which were basically designed to reduce the amount of inventories as well as manage stock level (replenish stock). There were a wide range of system integration options based on the business needs and financial ability (Gale Group, 2002). However, these stand-alone systems do not integrate well with each other. In 1996, a study by the International Mass Retail Association (IMRA), concluded that stand alone warehouse Management System (WMS) for example which perform only individual business operations will become obsolete because of their lack of integration well with other systems (Gale Group, 2002). Presently, organisations can no longer compete effectively in isolation of their suppliers and other entities. The future success of many businesses depends on the co-ordination and co-operation of efforts, thereby making supply Chain management important. JIT and VMI are the two of the philosophies that have been used to update supply chain relationships and management (David, 2004). The trend now in inventory management is to strives to improve not just specific aspect of the supply chain but system-wide (the entire supply chain) efficiency through automatic replenishment programs (ARPs) like the vendor managed inventory (VMI). In this system, the vendors are responsible for inventory replenishment or restocking of inventory for their retailers. They get retailers warehouse or point of sale information and use it to track retailers inventory thereby placing the whole responsibility for inventory management of the shoulders of the vendors (Gale Group, 2002). Popular Automatic replenishment programs (ARP) includes continuous replenishment planning (CRP) and vendor managed inventory (VMI). CRP and VMI are similar but differ in the sense that VMI also decides what and when to ship. Another widely used ARP is the efficient consumer response (ECR) used within the grocery industry and quick response (QR) programs which are common in the apparel industry (Daugherty, Mye rs, Matthew, Autry and Chad, 1999). Future inventory management systems will be able to integrate all business processes for the whole supply chain. Another future development would be the use of RFID with GPRS to track inventory. ANALYSING INVENTORY ADJUSTMENTS Inventory Adjustment as the name implies is implemented as a stock adjuster with the main objective of synchronising the system with the actual stock on hand. According to Jon Schreibfeder, in a case study with a large food distributor, he stated that the company began a program to achieve effective inventory management. As part of the program, they were cycle counting products and entering inventory adjustments as they find any miss match between the quality of a product in their warehouse and the inventory maintained by their computer system (Schreibfeder, 2009). In his analysis, Schreibfeder stated that the company was able to adopt a system that improved their future inventory accuracy that is methods of handling stock in order to prevent additional stock discrepancies. They did this by carefully analysing the reasons for inventory adjustments (Schreibfeder, 2009). This I believe was because most inventory adjustments are the result of problems encountered in the normal handling of materials. The reason to make inventory Adjustments are basically the same for most businesses irrespective of the systems and operative methodologies they are using but the way these inventory adjustments are made will affect the inventory cost differently. The main reasons why inventory adjustments are required are (Schreibfeder, 2009): Some of the products in inventory are damaged or spoiled and therefore cannot be sold Material is missing from inventory Product in inventory might be out-dated or cannot be sold because it has been in inventory for too long More products available in the inventory than is recorded in the system The remaining inventory in stock is less than the quantity a customer will normally buy Some inventory management system like FoodConnex implement inventory adjustment modules. According to FoodConnex, inventory adjustment can be categorized as follows (Solutions, 2009): Stock Quantity Adjustments as a result of spoilage, damage, theft, samples. These are adjustments made when stock in a store or warehouse is removed from the warehouse or store for a known reason (Solutions, 2009). Quality Adjustment due to a Receiving Error. The adjustments are made when the quantity entered as received into the system was incorrect. This will result in the re-calculation of the average cost of that item (Solutions, 2009). Cost Adjustment due to a Receiving Error: when the cost of an item is entered incorrectly this will require inventory adjustment. This will also cause the average cost of the item to be re-calculated (Solutions, 2009). Based on the information presented, every inventory adjustment should be considered as an opportunity for businesses to improve which can result to greater corporate profitability. Challenges of Inventory management systems Several inventory management systems now include many new features designed to help distributors effectively manage their inventory. However, after implementing such systems, many businesses still continue to face the same challenges they experience with their old system. These challenges include (Schreibfeder, 2000): Stock-out and lost sales Inaccurate On-hand and available-for-sale quantities in their systems Unsatisfactory return on investments from inventory

Management and Leadership Essay -- Compare Contrast Managing Leading E

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management is not leadership just as leadership is not management. In order to differentiate between the two we must ask ourselves which we relate to more, or rather, which we consider ourselves to be by asking the question which am I? Am I a Manager or can I consider myself a Leader? What type of person makes a good manager? What type of personality is best for leaders?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management and leadership are two notions that may be interchangeably, but there is a huge difference between a manager and a leader. They are two different ways of organizing people; the manager uses a formal method and the leader uses passion. "Managers do things right, and leaders do the right things." (Chapman, 2004, p.80) Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow. It involves both sides of human experience. It includes actions and influences based on reason and logic as well those based on inspiration and passion. Leadership is a social process shared among all members of a group. Leadership development comes through experience. We all learn from our different experiences. Whether positive or negative, they are our tools for growth and development. Management is a position of authority. Management says what need to get done and supplies the material to get it done. Management tends to be the more educated than the experienced. Managers can be trained to hold a position. Management is a position of leadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The leadership process is a total learning process. We all are leaders in our own way at different times in our lives. For example a father or mother with children, their children look to them for guidance. They also learn their values and about their culture through them. That is having leadership abilities. Friends look to each other for advice and different experiences that each of them have done. Some people perform leadership acts on the daily basis and don't even realize it until they think about it or until someone brings it to their attention. That's why it's said that a part of learning about leadership is to always think about it. Leadership is just one of the many assets a successful manager must posses, because a manager can manage the process or system but can not manage people. If organizations expect every manager to be a leader, or if they confuse the two roles, gradually they will be falling apart. Care must... ...lusion, It is evident by now that there indeed is a difference between managers and leaders and it is eventually the approach taken upon certain methods that is the determinant of your leadership role. Managerial power is positional power; it is power over people whereas leadership is supportive power, and it is power with people. Whether you vision the destination, or the transportation there, whether you try to be efficient or effective and whether you focus on the speed or the path all come into play as your leadership quality level. These qualities can be improved and developed, if they are all focused on the right things. That is why good managers tend to be good leaders, because they can focus on getting tasks done efficiently and also do it right at the same time. Managers are good disciplinarians; they are able to manage certain objectives while being efficient. However good leaders are more supportive and creative and might sometimes lack the disciplinary quality of gett ing the right thing done as efficiently as possible. For the most part, there is a very fine line between good managers and good leaders, but good leaders just aren't and do not want to be, managers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management and Leadership Essay -- Compare Contrast Managing Leading E   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management is not leadership just as leadership is not management. In order to differentiate between the two we must ask ourselves which we relate to more, or rather, which we consider ourselves to be by asking the question which am I? Am I a Manager or can I consider myself a Leader? What type of person makes a good manager? What type of personality is best for leaders?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management and leadership are two notions that may be interchangeably, but there is a huge difference between a manager and a leader. They are two different ways of organizing people; the manager uses a formal method and the leader uses passion. "Managers do things right, and leaders do the right things." (Chapman, 2004, p.80) Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow. It involves both sides of human experience. It includes actions and influences based on reason and logic as well those based on inspiration and passion. Leadership is a social process shared among all members of a group. Leadership development comes through experience. We all learn from our different experiences. Whether positive or negative, they are our tools for growth and development. Management is a position of authority. Management says what need to get done and supplies the material to get it done. Management tends to be the more educated than the experienced. Managers can be trained to hold a position. Management is a position of leadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The leadership process is a total learning process. We all are leaders in our own way at different times in our lives. For example a father or mother with children, their children look to them for guidance. They also learn their values and about their culture through them. That is having leadership abilities. Friends look to each other for advice and different experiences that each of them have done. Some people perform leadership acts on the daily basis and don't even realize it until they think about it or until someone brings it to their attention. That's why it's said that a part of learning about leadership is to always think about it. Leadership is just one of the many assets a successful manager must posses, because a manager can manage the process or system but can not manage people. If organizations expect every manager to be a leader, or if they confuse the two roles, gradually they will be falling apart. Care must... ...lusion, It is evident by now that there indeed is a difference between managers and leaders and it is eventually the approach taken upon certain methods that is the determinant of your leadership role. Managerial power is positional power; it is power over people whereas leadership is supportive power, and it is power with people. Whether you vision the destination, or the transportation there, whether you try to be efficient or effective and whether you focus on the speed or the path all come into play as your leadership quality level. These qualities can be improved and developed, if they are all focused on the right things. That is why good managers tend to be good leaders, because they can focus on getting tasks done efficiently and also do it right at the same time. Managers are good disciplinarians; they are able to manage certain objectives while being efficient. However good leaders are more supportive and creative and might sometimes lack the disciplinary quality of gett ing the right thing done as efficiently as possible. For the most part, there is a very fine line between good managers and good leaders, but good leaders just aren't and do not want to be, managers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Teaching Literacy in the Primary School

All elements of literacy are inter-related. This essay will examine the reading process and how the teaching of speaking, listening, writing and reading all influence pupils’ development in many ways. One pupil’s language and literacy development will be explored in this context, with a particular emphasis on his reading progression. Literacy is the ability to use language to communicate one’s ideas expressively, through speaking and writing and receptively, through listening and reading. (Palmer, S 2003). The Department for Education (2012) explains that pupils’ acquisition of language allows them to access learning across the curriculum.Notably, reading aids pupil’s development culturally, emotionally, spiritually and socially. Since 1988 and the introduction of the National Curriculum, the government have overseen the teaching of English and literacy in schools. It was not until the publication of The Rose Review in 2006 however, that a standard strategy for teaching reading was devised. In his report, Rose reviewed the way early reading was taught and advised that all children should have a secure foundation of phonics knowledge so that they are able to link graphemes to phonemes and blend these into words.As a result, it became statutory for schools to use a daily, systematic, synthetic style of teaching phonics. To help schools instigate this new teaching style, the Communication, Language and Literacy Development Plan (CLLD) was introduced in 2006. Local authorities were given trained consultants, often teachers, who could model high quality phonics teaching and ensure the findings of the Rose Review were implemented effectively.Ofsted (2010) reported, that several schools, from a sample demonstrating ‘outstanding’ practice in their teaching of early literacy, used a scheme such as ‘Letters and Sounds’, published by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) in 2007. These schemes initially teach phonemes alongside their written representation (graphemes), followed by the skill of blending and segmenting graphemes to write and decode individual words. It is widely recognised that the teaching of phonics enables children to decode words, but does not teach an understanding of vocabulary. The skill of decoding is not enough to enable children to read effectively.Rose (2006) also observed this in his review, â€Å"Different kinds of teaching are needed to develop word recognition skills from those that are needed to foster the comprehension of written and spoken language. † Wyse and Parker (2010), cited by the Institute of Education (2012), argue in favour of â€Å"contextualised teaching†, which begins by looking at whole texts that pupils can relate to, thus motivating them to read independently. They claim that although important, the teaching of phonics, in a way where it is exaggerated above all other elements, comes with serious risk and that children ’s language skills develop best through classroom talk.Until recently, the importance of Speaking and Listening was overlooked by many schools. Ofsted (2005) reported that the teaching of speaking and listening had been neglected and the range of contexts in which children are given the opportunity to converse with their peers was constrained. It is crucial to understand that as each strand of literacy is equally important, a child who struggles to communicate verbally will have difficulty in communicating or understanding concepts in written form. Douglas (2009) observes, â€Å"†¦Speaking and listening skills underpin all learning and are the start of all other literacy skills.†Rose (2006) observed, â€Å"Schools provide massive opportunities and unique advantages for developing speaking and listening skills. † Activities such as talking partners develop children’s vocabulary by getting them to share their ideas about set questions in short bursts, throughout the lesson. This technique can be integrated into the teaching of any concept across the curriculum, meaning the opportunities to acquire new language are infinite. Drama is part of the Speaking and Listening strand of the National Literacy Strategy.McMaster (1998) explains that it is an invaluable tool as it supports every aspect of literacy development. Drama can extend vocabulary; develop decoding and conversational skills; and improve understanding of syntax, as well as metacognitive knowledge. Drama also aids personal, social and emotional development (PSED). By engaging in situations as if they were real, children build the confidence to express themselves and develop creativity and empathy. These attributes are closely associated with reading development, as they facilitate comprehension and response (Wagner, B.  1988; Vygotsky, S. 1976 cited by McMaster, J. 1998)Poetry is also a useful tool to improve pupils’ personal, social and emotional development (PS ED). Children should be encouraged to believe that poetry is a normal human activity, a very intense one and an activity that people often resort to at crucial times in their lives†¦ which shows its central importance. (Longley, M. 2008 cited by McLeish, J. 2008) In Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) and Key Stage 1, learning nursery rhymes and other simple poems and songs assists the development of phonological awareness.The repeated rhythm and rhyme patterns develop an understanding of how words can be broken into syllables. The next stage is to understand that each syllable is made up of a structure of sounds, onsets (the initial phoneme) and rimes (the remaining sound in the syllable. ) Wilson (2005) believes this is a fundamental skill to develop if a child is to blend and segment efficiently. Sharing poetry and re-telling stories provide the basis for the â€Å"Talk for Writing† initiative, developed by The National Strategies (2010), in conjunction with Pie Corbe tt.The National Strategies explain â€Å"†¦good readers learn about the skills of writing from their reading and draw (consciously or unconsciously) upon its models in their own work†¦. † Reciting poetry and rhymes, and re-telling stories enable children to internalise language (referred to as imitation) so that it can later be reused in their own writing automatically. Once this skill is mastered, children can continue to change parts of the story (innovation) using aids such as story maps and shared writing. The final stage is invention, at this point pupils use the language and writing styles they acquired to create their own pieces of writing.In his early workshops, Corbett (2008) stated that these approaches to learning also work extremely well when teaching children to write in a non-fictional context. The use of speaking and listening is also an invaluable tool when teaching children with special educational needs (SEN). Corbett (2004) states â€Å"Many chil dren with special needs have succeeded using this multi-sensory, oral strategy to developing composition. † These children need as many opportunities as possible to internalise new vocabulary and writing styles that may be unfamiliar.The same is applicable to pupils who are learning English as an additional language (EAL). These children have the extra hurdle of comprehending vocabulary and writing styles that may differ greatly to that found in their first language. Cummins (1999) explains, â€Å"There are clear differences in acquisition and developmental patterns between conversational language and academic language, or BICS (basic interpersonal communicative skills) and CALP (cognitive academic language proficiency). † Children generally develop BICS within two years of immersion in the target language, providing they spend much of their time in  school interacting with native speakers.However, it typically takes children between five and seven years to develop CA LP and therefore be working at a linguistic level similar to their native speaking peers. It is therefore vital to provide a wide, varied range of opportunities for students to converse. The DFES (2004) explains, â€Å"Bilingualism is an asset, and the first language has a continuing and significant role in identity, learning and the acquisition of additional languages. † Children who are truly bilingual will often work at a higher academic level than those who speak one language.Child C is a six year old boy. He is a native English speaker, although he does have developmental problems with his speech and is currently seeing a speech therapist. He lives with both his parents and his two brothers, aged seven and two. The following information has been sourced from interviews with his teachers and mother, his speech and language reports and his records of attainment. Permission from C’s parents and school were sought in order to include him in this study, and for reasons of confidentiality his anonymity will be respected throughout. C was born nine days late with no issues at birth.C refused solid food until about 10 months of age, and his mother explained that he has always expressed a dislike for food that requires a lot of chewing. It was suggested to C’s parents that this may be a contributing factor to his speech difficulties. C started ‘babbling’ at about 22 months, experimenting with sounds and a few words. His mother was able to understand his attempts to communicate by around 3 years of age, although other members of his family and the practitioners at his nursery school struggled to understand him, this caused C to become greatly frustrated and stressed when trying to express his wants and needs.It was at this point that C was referred for speech therapy. He was also referred for hearing tests which did not uncover any auditory problems. C and his older brother have shared books with their parents before bedtime since C was 2 years old. His mother explained that neither of the boys demonstrated a strong interest for books and requests to be read to, apart from before bed, were infrequent. C’s lack of interest was also observed by his EYFS teacher, as a result C was initially only given one book a week to share at home, as more than this tended to overwhelm him and generate a refusal read at all.It was also noted in the early months of EYFS, C disliked contributing to group discussion or conversing extensively with his peers as a result of insecurity about his speech problems. He felt much more confident talking to adults on a one to one basis. C left EYFS with a reading level higher than the national average for his age group, although lower than that of most of his classmates. His ability to blend and segment graphemes was good, meaning he was able to read and write a range of simple words.His ability to form particular cluster sounds orally remains an issue, but his confidence to communi cate with his peers and contribute to group work has improved significantly. As a result, his range of vocabulary and comprehension has also improved. C has continued with his speech therapy in KS1 and he receives daily interventions with a teaching assistant to help with his sound formation. C’s current class teacher has observed that his reading has significantly improved recently; C will now read quite complex sentences with some expression, using a range of decoding techniques such as segmenting and looking at accompanying pictures.C recently read a short passage to the rest of his class, demonstrating his improved reading skills and confidence levels. In conclusion, speaking, listening, reading and writing are all of equal importance. The strategies, tools and initiatives explored in this essay help children develop their reading skills. Each strand can be built upon each other to develop a pupil’s literacy development as a whole. Being literate is essential if a child is to access all areas across the curriculum.

Urban Planning Essay Proposal

PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON Assignment #5: Reviewed Proposal Zoe Pearce, 6777341 To: Zahra Azizi Urbs 240 1 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 2 This paper will examine the urban agriculture movement currently taking place in Detroit, Michigan and how it is having an effect on the city that the goals and motivations of historical planning initiatives strived to achieve.This paper will aim to shed light on why urban agriculture is an important and relevant new area to be studied and taken into consideration by governments and city planners for the betterment of future cities and the plans that will shape them. I will be utilizing the components of two styles of essay writing: compare and contrast; and categorize and explain.I will be comparing the desired outcomes and motivations that drove historical planning initiatives (of which I will explain in more detail to follow) t o the actual outcomes and effects that citizen-initiated urban agriculture is having on the communities and individual citizens in Detroit. I will ‘categorize’ by assigning each body paragraph a historical movement and explain each ones’ goals, then compare these to the outcomes witnessed in Detroit.This comparison reveals that the goals of famous and major historical planning initiatives are being fulfilled by the means of the movement of UA in Detroit, planners should use the findings of Detroit as a tool to understand how they can replicate it in other plans to stimulate similar results. I will begin by developing the contextual reasons for the movement in Detroit and stating facts gathered through research. This will include the population and job losses that occurred due to the decline of the car industry and how the led to the state the city is now in.I will then introduce what exactly is happening in Detroit in terms of urban agriculture (UA). This will le ad PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 3 to the description of positive effects it is having on the citizens and communities. These include: health benefits, educational benefits, raising morale, job creation, self empowerment, safety, efficient use of space (Thibert, 2012).Many of these interrelate with each other, so I will be creating broader categories into which they will fit. Each category will be discussed individually in each body paragraph, but the later paragraphs will also draw conclusions that incorporate effects from earlier paragraphs – because many of the effects are interrelated. I have not decided exactly the order in which I will introduce the ideas, but knowing my own writing method, it will come together in the writing process. Cutting and pasting will surely be necessary.The historical planning initiatives I will be examining are as follows: City Beautiful, motivated by citizens at the individual level t o create healthy neighborhoods and happy citizens; Parks and Playground, motivated by getting children off the streets and into safer areas; Garden City, one of the various goals being earning revenue by efficiently placing agricultural work ‘close to the front doors’ of the workers; Henri Saint-Simon, who wanted to improve morale to create better societies (Booth, 1871; Howard, 1902; McArthur, 1975; Peterson, 2003).I will emphasize that the key points to be taken from my paper are not the means of how the initiatives were (intended to be) implemented, but the goals of why the initiative was created. I will conclude my paper by recapping my main arguments, and also stating the relevance of my findings. UA in Detroit is creating healthy, happier and safer communities and neighborhoods. This should be analyzed by city policy makers and urban planners to learn how this is happening and why so these positive effects can be replicated elsewhere in future plans.Lastly, I will mention the implications of this paper by mentioning the new attitude towards food PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 4 and food culture that is being developed in Detroit, and that if it could be replicated elsewhere in the United States, it could have larger scale positive effects on the crisis of obesity. I began my research by exploring the Concordia Clues dada base, the e-journals Urban History, Planning Perspectives and the database Jstor. Initially I was only looking for information on urban agriculture in Detroit.It was difficult to find articles on this topic, so I watched the documentary ‘Urban Roots'. This gave me an understanding of the effects average citizens involved in UA felt. The academic quality of this source is not as important, because the information I will be taking from this source is not objective, rather it is subjective, qualitative opinions. I then spoke to the professor, Catherine Vandermeulen about my issues finding academic sources; she advised me about an excellent paper written by a PhD student and professional Urban Planner, Joel Thibert.His paper explained that the discipline of UA in North America is new and there is little literature on it. His paper is also based on interviews he personally conducted with citizens involved with UA and their opinions, so between the academic source and the documentary, I had found enough information for which to base my UA portion of the paper. Next I had to find the historical references. I already knew which concepts I wanted to discuss because of learning about them within the previous 2 months in the class this paper is to be submitted for.I used the same means of internet searching as I did for the initial Detroit search. I read through multiple articles on each movement until I found ones that thoroughly discussed the motivations and goals of the movements, and had the potential to be quoted. I made sure they came of reputab le sources. I knew already I would be using the actual text written by Ebenezer Howard, so I simply had to find that, which I did via Google Scholar. I PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON ound a biography on Henri Saint-Simon which is extremely in depth about his entire life, published by a reputable publisher. The specific sources chosen can be found in the reference section below. More detail on all of my sources can be found in my annotated bibliography. 5 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON References Booth, J. A. (1871). Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism: A chapter in the history of socialism in France. London, England: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. Howard, E. (1902). Garden cities of to-morrow (pp. 9-29). Retrieved from openlibrary. rg/ books/OL20551099M/Garden_Cities_of_Tomorrow. McArthur, B. (1975). The Chicago playground movement: A neglected feature of social justice. Social Service Review, 49(3), 376-395. Peterson, J. A. (2003). The birth of city planning in the United States,1840-1917 (pp. 98-122). Balitmore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from http://ohdl. handle. net. mercury. concordia. ca/2027/heb. 05838. 0001. 001. Thibert, J. (2012). Making local planing work for urban agriculture in the North American context: A view from the ground. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 32(3), 349-357. 6

Ancient Civilizations essays

Ancient Civilizations essays Ancient Civilizations: Are they so Ancient? Throughout history, there have been many things to indicate why contemporary events occur. Not Nostradamus like predictions, merely the fact that current events have occurred many years ago in one form or another. These are issues such as warfare, oppression of women, and empire building. If one were to look at each one of these issues, they would find that each one was present in some or all of the different ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. That is no surprise being that these societies are seen as so primitive. What is really going to bother you is that we still see all of these issues in our civilization today in one form or another. That is why the connection has been made between the previously mentioned societies with todays society. That is also why similar events may occur today that occurred thousands of years ago. There are plenty of great examples to be shown of how our society resembles that of the ancient societies. There is one myt h that comes from the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia that really gives great insight on the way they lived their every day life. The myth is called Gilgamesh. There is also a great book that lets us in to the ancient civilization of China called The Way of Chuang Tzu. There are also some great examples in many different textbooks about Ancient Egypt and its glories and hardships. Those are just a couple of examples that show what it was like to be alive at those times. The relationship between the way in which we live today, and the way in which these ancient civilizations lived will be shown through these examples. Going even further, Warfare, oppression of women, and empire building of the past will be compared and contrasted to the ways in which it is seen today. It seems as though the terms Warfare and Humans go hand in hand. At least one wouldnt hesitate to thin...

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Review - Essay Example Its ability to manufacture and replicate things at a very cheap cost has numerous benefits that include the field of medical science, food production and even computer engineering. Ralph Merkle even envisaged that when nanotechnology reached its potential, we would come to the point that everybody is already materially wealthy that we will no longer ask what we can afford but on what is intrinsically valuable that we need. Ralph C. Merkle envisioned that with nanotechnology, we would be able to cure ailments which are not yet possible today due to the absence of technology and high cost. Mr. Merkle said that with nanotechnology, we would be able to cure diseases at molecular and surgical level with tools developed by nanotechnology . This implies that the serious medical condition of the planet’s ailing people which cannot be effectively treated due to the lack of resources will already become possible thus reducing the level of human suffering (Gehl, 2000). Nanotechnology can also lower the manufacturing cost of food which is very prohibitive in many countries today causing many people to go hungry. As of today, there are many people who are starving and this has become a source of conflict. Also, food is also used as a political tool which had the serious consequence of starving the people who are caught in the middle of a conflict. With nanotechnology, food production will become less expensive and those people who are starving due the inability to produce food will now be able to produce it at a much lower cost. When this happens, food will no longer be used as a political tool and people will no longer starve. This will have a positive ripple effect of reducing conflict caused by shortage of food. Ralph C. Merkle also sees that in few decades from now, nanotechnology will enable computers to become incredibly powerful that â€Å"we will have more power in the volume of a sugar cube than exists in the entire

Is Trial by Jury an Efficient and Just System Essay

Is Trial by Jury an Efficient and Just System - Essay Example Const., amend. VII). Many states have considered the right to a trial by jury so important that it is written into state constitutions as well (Saks). It is, therefore, not an exaggeration to say that the right to a trial by jury is considered a fundamental right of the American legal and judicial system. A trial by jury has its roots in Great Britain, where juries were used to provide protection against the harsh judgments of those that were in the favor of the King, and therefore handed down relatively harsh judgments for relatively small crimes (Graham, 2009). That system has grown, from Britain, to the United States, where in 2006 an estimated 154,000 jury trials were held nationwide (Mize, Hannaford-Agor & Waters, 2007). However, this does not mean that the system itself is perfect; indeed, if incarcerated criminals were questioned, most would likely say that the judicial system had not done what they hoped it would do. Trials by jury take time to put together, and can be expens ive to everyone involved (VanKoppen, 2009). Trials by jury also have the benefits, however, of fairness and impartiality, the bigger availability of resources, and because juries do not have the same concerns over image or power as a judge does. For these reasons, a trial by jury is an efficient and just system in proving guilt or innocence. One reason that trial by jury is an efficient and just system is that juries are chosen based on their ability to be impartial and fair towards the one who stands accused. This is proven during the jury selection, when both lawyers ask questions and ensure that each person impaneled on the jury can be fair and impartial during the trial (Saks). Potential jurors that have a problem with certain sets of circumstances, such as racism or even possibly voting for the death penalty in capital cases are dismissed (Saks). In this way, fairness towards the accused is ensured. In contrast, a judge must go through no such procedure. The role of a judge was created for the very reason of protecting an accused (Graham, 2009). It is taken for granted that a judge will be impartial; even though the Constitution does not say that a judge must be, it is the right of every American to enjoy such a privilege at trial (Siegel, 2010). However, this is not always the way that the judicial system works. Corruption is not unknown, and judges have, in the past, been bought or bribed to render decisions. Consider Operation Greylord, a Federal probe that exposed widespread corruption in the Cook County, Illinois court system in 1983 (Bogira, 2005). Judges had been found to be extorting money from prosecution and defense lawyers, as well as taking money directly in exchange for certain verdicts (Bogira, 2005). Had a jury trial been the route taken, instead of the judge being able to be bribed, twelve people would have had to be bribed or replaced. While it is true that jury tampering can certainly occur, it stands to reason that it is much harder to tamper with and convince twelve people to vote a certain way, as opposed to one judge. Juries, whether they are made up of six

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 107

Journal - Essay Example Other interventions included training the teachers and the parents about the importance of the early intervention programs for the development of the children between 0 and five years. The government took up the responsibility of providing scholarships for students with disabilities by sponsoring ten male students to work in the transition service with Beacon College of Florida. Specifically, the development service has five core elements, which are the Foundation of self-discovery, academic exploration, a preview of campus life, the Florida experience, and post program follow up in Saudi Arabia. The main challenge for the program is conducting interviews about the personal experience for the families who have children with autism. I learn from this presentation that the government of Saudi Arabia has taken an active initiative in establishing programs focus on the disabled’s needs. Mental and physical disability is a major challenge for the families and the patients as they have trouble in their lives. However, interventional programs are paramount in empowering the families and victims, as they are a means of liberation. The success of the program demonstrates that infirmity is not inability because when given a chance, even the disabled can use their skills and talent to change the